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La selezione all’ingresso della discoteca

Un tema che mi è particolarmente caro è quello che attiene alla selezione all’ingresso della discoteca , molto spesso, mi è stata interdetta la possibilità di trascorrere la serata con friends in a room, by the action of so-called "bouncer".
This unpleasant situation, at least sometimes, has been experienced by all citizens, the reason behind the "selection" that takes place at night clubs, covers, according to some, good name, reputation and prestige of the local itself.
On the other hand, the fact of granting the possibility of entry by the operators, in a nightclub, only to those who have decent clothing, allows many advantages, such as improving the quality of customers, or prevent problems peaceful coexistence within the room and finally increase the appreciation social, ie the income of that business.
In most cases, who, finding himself denied the chance to enter the room, gives up, without any challenge put in place, partly because the situation is now common and, as noted by some writers, the customs, you are, terminate or modify, much faster than the law and consequently associates comply more strictly with the use (1) .
In this instance, the dancing, to urge consumers to participate in their events, print the invitations, by which you can identify the local, location and cost of the same entry, of course, to this point, it is easy to say that the present case concerns a contract, covered in Book IV of the Civil Code, specifically, to ' 1336 article, entitled "public offer" .
the United States, the doctrine has been employed to distinguish between offer and invitation to offer, in our country, the issue has been thoroughly studied by F. Galgano (2) .
In terms of written sources, should be drawn Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods , for a similar interpretation in our case, a proposal sent to specific persons is an offer indicate the contract if the goods and contains procedures for determining the quantity of the goods and the price obviously must also give the will of the declarant bind of wanting ( art. 14, 1 ).
In terms of logic, it is necessary that the declaration should contain the essential elements of the contract However, this is not enough to identify the offer, there must be the will of the offeror to be bound.
Party doctrine says that from the moment a proposal is made public and contains an offer is worth the price (3) , as the ' art. 1336 cc , says "offered to the public, when it contains the essential details of the contract at the conclusion of which is directed" , however, other authors reach the opposite view (4) since, always art. 1336 cc, down "unless stated otherwise by the circumstances or customs."
In our case, the invitations printed, that the same premises, they emit large scale, with the aim of encouraging their associates to travel to the same business, listing: location, price, opening and closing, et cetera ... and represent, in my view, the will of the operator commercial activity to be bound.
At this point, without considering the merits of the various lines of doctrine, comes to the rescue ' art. RD No. 187 May 1940 635 (Approval of regulations for the implementation of the Consolidated June 18, 1931, No. 773 of the laws on public safety) which states:

"Except as have Articles. 689 and 691 of the Penal Code, operators can not without a legitimate reason to refuse the performance of your exercise to anyone who asks for it and pay the price "

The legislature, of course not to leave too much freedom of contract to the parties that prejudicing the consumers, intervened, however, someone might wonder if the ' art. 187, TULPS may or may not relate to the dancing, the question has provided a comprehensive response to the Constitutional Court in a sentence.
the Court by the Government, was asked to comment on the content of a law of the Region of Tuscany, with which it was intended to punish the obligation of those who deny the provision for discriminatory reasons. In this regard, the Court, with the ruling No 253, July 4, 2006 said, inter alia, that:


"This rule (that of Tuscany) prohibits per gli operatori commerciali appartenenti a determinate categorie di rifiutare la loro prestazione, o di erogarla a condizioni deteriori rispetto a quelle ordinarie, «senza un legittimo motivo e, in particolare, fra l’altro per motivi riconducibili all’orientamento sessuale o all’identitàdi genere».

Dalla sentenza si desume che, è fatto divieto agli “esercenti”, intenso in senso ampio ( sia gestori di bar, ristoranti,commercianti, et cetera… ), di rifiutarsi di fornire la prestazione, senza un motivo legittimo, a causa di motivi discriminatori , o che attengono, all’ orientamento sessuale , in caso di non ottemperanza i trasgressori shall be punished with administrative fine of a minimum of Euro 516.00 to a maximum of Euro 3,098.00 (5).
Another provision, enacted by the legislature, consumer protection, is related to 'art 43 Leg. July 25, 1998, No 286 "Consolidated text of provisions governing immigration and the status of foreigners" which states:

"For the purposes of this Chapter, any behavior that constitutes discrimination, directly or indirectly involving a distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin, religious beliefs and practices, and has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on equal terms ', human rights and freedoms' fundamental in the political economic, social, cultural and any other field of public life "

the second paragraph of that article provides:


" In any case performs an act of discrimination Whoever imposes conditions more 'unfavorable or refuses to provide goods or services being offered to a stranger only because of his status as a foreign or belonging to a particular race, religion, ethnicity or nationality '"


And the third subparagraph of the provision in question also extends protection to Italian citizens:

"This Article and Article 44 shall also apply to the xenophobic, racist or discriminatory perpetrated against Italian citizens, stateless persons and nationals of other EU Member States present in Italy. "

It is not easy, at this point to say that in this case, namely the selection, put in place at the door of clubs from the security personnel involved in the club, is unlawful because it violates the first principle of equality established by ' art. 3 of the Constitution, since, you make a systematic discrimination among those who have a decent clothing (according to them of course), compared to others who can not afford the same clothes.
Secondly, the rules laid down by ' art. 43 Leg. July 25, 1998, No 286, el ' art. RD No. 187 May 1940 635, do ban on such discrimination, and if not, in the first case the order of the court will put an end to this situation, while in the latter case, the offenders will be punished with administrative penalty.
Thirdly, in my view, prohibit access to the disco, in a totally arbitrary, not to a person who has engaged in any harassment, or can not be held dangerous, is to configure a fault and tort in this case, a non-pecuniary damage, since the ruling by the United Sections 24 June to 11 November 2008, n. 26972 argued that the non-pecuniary damage under Article. 2059 cc receives compensation claims, outside the cases provided by law, when there is a infringement of a person's inviolable right , the damages will be granted if it exceeded the level of tolerance, it is found that the gravity of ' offense and the seriousness of the injury, resulting from injury of constitutionally guaranteed rights.
In this case, prohibiting entry to a nightclub in a subject, not only for fitness clothing (which very often goes to mask the intent to allow local access to only certain people), is an attitude that goes to frustrate the dignity of a person, especially those "inalienable human rights" that the Republic recognizes and guarantees all ' art. 2 Of course it will be the interpreter of the Constitution
/ applicator (6) , identify where you can recognize a tort, however, consider, as noted by some authors, that the law hominum case was originated developed and consolidated, that is strettamente collegato alla vicenda umana (7) .
Pertanto, come ha osservato taluno, si dovrà immergere il caso concreto nella “storia vivente”(8) , di conseguenza, a mio avviso, non è possibile, in un moderno sistema giuridico, consentire di vietare l’accesso nei locali pubblici, per il solo motivo, di non presentare un abbigliamento idoneo ( sempre a loro modo di vedere ), un moderno Stato, pluralista e democratico dovrebbe porre fine a tali situazioni e considerare meritevole di tutela, la pretesa risarcitoria di chi, come spesso avviene a molti, viene discriminato in maniera del tutto arbitraria all’ingresso dei locali pubblici.
Per concludere, vorrei citare the distinction between jus and lex that masterfully analyzed Gustavo Zagrebelsky, taking the configuration of rights written by Thomas Hobbes:

"Lex had said the authoritarian control to which all subjects are tested, namely the right ex parte principis; jus was instead of what freedom was recognized by the law to individuals, the right civium ex parte. "
"With contemporary constitutions, the Hobbesian distinction of lex and jus ceases to be merely a conceptual clarification or exhaust moral ... It becomes operational principle of law ... In the presence of catalogs of rights set forth in rigid constitutions. .. We can theorize a double-sided legal experience: that of the law, which expresses the interests and intent, the programs of political groups and the majority of the inviolable rights, which are attributed directly by the Constitution as its legal dotazuibe of their owners, independent of the law " (9).

Notes:

(1) R. Sacco, Legal Anthropology , Bologna, Il Mulino, 2007, as well: P. Grossi, First Lesson of law , Laterza, Bari, 2009; or N. Rouland, Legal Anthropology , Giuffrè, Milano, 1992

(2) F. Galgano, Bonds, cit., 35.

(3) R. Sacco, G. De Nova, The contract, Tome second , UTET, Torino, 2004

(4) F. Galgano,

Bonds (5) M. Bombi, The requirement to sell goods on display , cit., Http://www.marilisabombi.it/doc/articoli/061208_obbligo% 20of% 20vendita.pdf

(6) P. Grossi, First lesson of law, Laterza, Bari, 2010

(7) P. Grossi, First lesson right , Laterza, Bari, 2010, cit. Hermogenes steps available in the Corpus Juris Civilis, pg. 11 ff.

(8) P. Grossi, First lesson right , Laterza, Bari, 2010

(9) G. Zagrebelsky , mild law, Einaudi, 1992, Torino, cit., Pg 62-63

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Il sistema monistico di amministrazione

The legal system of the United States of America, after the end of World War II, represents, with its strengths and weaknesses, the model for much of the world, the American way of dressing, American music, and also the right, have been forged in the Old Continent (1) .
An authoritative commentators have noted, as regards the movement of law, that the model giuscivilistico U.S. has prevailed in Europe, thanks largely to two factors: the first would be the common language, English, known to all, the latter is due to prestigious universities where students learn the method to use in their legal system of origin (2) .
With the reform of company law of 2003, our legal system, imitating the American system, provides for the possibility of adopting different types of corporate governance , including, what tier.
This model of administration, is based on the U.S., according to ' art. 2409sexiesdecies cc, the statutes may provide for the administration and control are exercised respectively by the board of directors and a committee set up internal.
Obviously the power to manage it to the Board of Directors (Article . 2409septiesdecies cc), also at least one third of the members, must possess the independence requirements provided for auditors, in respect of those required by the codes of conduct drawn up by trade associations or management companies of regulated markets (Article . 2409septiesdecies, paragraph 2, cc ).
Upon the appointment of members of the Board of administration and before accepting the assignment, will be made known to the assembly's directorship and control they held in other companies ( art. 2409septiesdecies, comma 3 °, cc).
The determination of the number and appointment of members of the Committee for the management control lies with the board of directors, unless otherwise provided (Article . 2409octiesdecies cc)
In societies which use the capital market risk, the number of committee members shall not be less than three, the committee also consists of Directors who meet the requirements of integrity and professionalism established dallo statuto e dei requisiti di indipendenza, che non siano membri del comitato esecutivo ed ai quali non siano attribuite deleghe o particolari cariche e comunque non svolgano, anche di mero fatto, funzioni attinenti alla gestione dell’impresa sociale o di società che la controllano o ne sono controllate ( art. 2409octiesdecies, comma 2°, c.c. ).
Almeno uno dei componenti del comitato, al fine di garantire i requisiti di professionalità, per il controllo sulla gestione, deve essere scelto fra gli iscritti nel registro dei revisori contabili ( art. 2409octiesdecies, comma 3°, c.c. ).
In caso di morte, rinunzia revoca o decadenza di un componente del comitato per il controllo sulla management, the Board shall without delay replace the other from among the directors in meeting the requirements set in the preceding paragraphs, if this is not possible, shall without delay in accordance with article 2386 of the chosen people, has the above requirements ( 2409octiesdecies, paragraph 4 °, cc).
The Committee for the management control:
a) elect from among its absolute majority of its members, the President;
b) ensure the adequacy of the organizational structure of the internal control system and the administrative system and accounting as well as its ability to correctly represent the facts gestione;
c) svolge gli ulteriori compiti affidatigli dal consiglio di amministrazione con particolare riguardo ai rapporti con i soggetti incaricati del controllo contabile ( 2409octiesdecies, comma 5°, c.c. )
Al comitato per il controllo sulla gestione si applicano altresì, in quanto compatibili, gli articoli 2404, primo, terzo e quarto comma, 2405, primo comma, e 2408 ( 2409octiesdecies, comma 6°, c.c. ).
Il sistema monistico, sarà scelto dalle società che operano in vasti mercati internazionali, ed in particolare da quelle che operano nel Nord America, giacchè questo è il modello di corporate governance prevalente tra le società che agiscono in quei mercati (3) .
should consider that our audit committee, has fewer powers than the U.S., this may appoint, dismiss and control the auditing firm, while our legal system, the powers of appointment and removal, belong to the shareholders (4) .



Notes:

(1) E. Great, the third strike, the prison in America, Sellerio Editore, Palermo, 2007

(2) E. Great, Imitation and law: assumptions about the circulation of models, Torino, 2001, pg 4 ss

(3) F. Galgano, Business Law, Corporations, Zanichelli, 2009, pg. 351 ff.


(4) F. Galgano, Business Law, Corporations, Zanichelli, 2009, pg. 351 ff.

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I modelli alternativi di corporate governance: il sistema dualistico

The term "global village" (1) , represents the continued expansion of markets, first from the national point of view, then at the transnational level, which has resulted in the formation of a single world market, or globalization (2) .

With the reform of company law of 2003, although the Italian system, in the wake of the experiences common to other countries, has introduced the possibility to choose, to businesses, as a model of corporate governance taken.

The first tier is , of \u200b\u200bGerman origin, the statutes may provide that the administration and control are exercised by a board of management ( administrative body) and a council surveillance in accordance with the following rules (Article . 2409octies, cc).

Firstly what is important is that this system, compared with that of ordinary administration, does not provide the auditors, however, to ' art. 2409duodecies, DC , it is expected that there is a supervisory board composed of a number of members not less than three, unless of course that the statute does not provide more.

the second paragraph of that article, the legislator provides that except for the first components that are named in the deed, and except as provided in Articles 2351, 2449 and 2450, the appointment of members of the supervisory board meeting it, after determining their number within the limits established by the Statute.

The members of the Supervisory Board remain in office for three years, and termination to take effect from the expiry of the period when the supervisory board has been reconstituted ( art. 2409duodecies, paragraph 3 ° , cc ).

The legislature, in order to ensure the reliability of the components of the supervisory board, requires that at least one of them must be chosen from those listed in the register of auditors at the Department of Justice ( art. 2409duodecies, paragraph 4 °, cc).

The members of the supervisory board be re-elected, unless otherwise provided by the statutes, and may be revoked by the Assembly at any time by resolution adopted by the majority provided by the fifth paragraph of Article 2393, even if appointed in the articles, except the right to compensation if the withdrawal is without just cause, it is clear that the guarantees of impartiality are lower than those provided for the auditors (Article . 2409duodecies, paragraph 5 ° , cc ).

The legislature, evidenziando, l’importanza dei requisiti di requisiti di onorabilità, professionalità e indipendenza, stabilisce che lo statuto può subordinare l’assunzione a tali condizioni, la ratio sottesa alla norma, ha l’obiettivo di garantire, in particolare modo, gli azionisti di minoranza, o come lo ha definito qualche autore “capitale di risparmio” (3) ( art. 2409duodecies, comma 6°, c.c).

Nel caso in cui, nel corso dell’esercizio vengono a mancare uno o più componenti del consiglio di sorveglianza, l’assemblea provvede senza indugio alla loro sostituzione.

Il presidente del consiglio di sorveglianza è eletto dall’assemblea.

Lo statuto determina i poteri del presidente del consiglio di sorveglianza.

Non possono essere eletti alla carica di componente del consiglio di sorveglianza e, se eletti, decadono dall’ufficio:

a) coloro che si trovano nelle condizioni previste dall’articolo 2382;

b) i componenti del consiglio di gestione;

c) those that are related to the company or its subsidiaries or under joint control of an employment relationship or an ongoing relationship advice or the provision of paid work that compromise their independence.

The statutes may provide other grounds for disqualification or ineligibility and incompatibility, and the limits and criteria for the number of offices (art. 2409duodecies, 7 th paragraph, DC).

Article. 2409terdecies Code, sets out the powers of the supervisory board:

a) nomina e revoca i componenti del consiglio di gestione; ne determina il compenso, salvo che la relativa competenza sia attribuita dallo statuto all’assemblea;

b) approva il bilancio di esercizio e, ove redatto, il bilancio consolidato;

c) esercita le funzioni di cui all’articolo 2403, primo comma;

d) promuove l’esercizio dell’azione di responsabilità nei confronti dei componenti del consiglio di gestione;

e) presenta la denunzia al tribunale di cui all’articolo 2409;

f) riferisce per iscritto almeno una volta all’anno all’assemblea sull’attività di vigilanza svolta, sulle omissioni e sui fatti censurabili rilevati;

f-bis) se previsto dallo statuto, delibera in ordine alle operazioni strategiche e ai piani, industriali e finanziari della società predisposti dal consiglio di gestione, ferma in ogni caso la responsabilità di questo per gli atti compiuti.

Il secondo comma della norma in parola, stabilisce che lo statuto può provided that in case of failure to approve the budget or if it requires at least one third of the board of management or the supervisory board the power to approve the financial statement is attributed to the assembly.

the legislature imposes on the part of directors, a duty of care, having regard to the nature of, if not, they should respond jointly and severally liable with the members of the board of management for the facts or failure of these when the damage would not have occurred if they had supervised in accordance with the obligations of their office (Article . 2409terdecies, comma 3 °, cc )

The members of the Supervisory Board may attend meetings of the board of management and must participate in meetings ( art. 2409terdecies, paragraph 4, cc )

the deliberations of the Supervisory Board which was approved the financial statements, Article 2434bis, and it can also be contested by shareholders in accordance with Article 2377 (Article 2409quaterdecies, paragraph 2, cc.)

With regard to the management board (board ) 'S art. 2409novies, cc, down to it it is exclusively the management of the company, will be comprised of a number of components, including non-members, not less than two ( art. 2409novies, paragraph 2, cc )

The members of the board of management may not be appointed supervisory board, and shall hold office for a term not exceeding three years, expiring on the date of the meeting of the supervisory board convened to approve the budget for last year of their office (Article . 2409novies, paragraph 4, cc )

components of the management board may be reappointed, unless otherwise provided by the statutes, and may be revoked by the supervisory board at any time, even if named in the articles, except the right to compensation if the withdrawal occurs without just cause (Article . 2409novies, paragraph 5 °, cc )

If during the year, one or more members of the Board, the Supervisory Board shall immediately replace them ( art. 2409novies, paragraph 6 ° cc).

in respect of the Management Board, you can bring an action for liability, which is presented by members or by the same company ( art. 2409decies, cc), or by a resolution of the supervisory board, taken from them by a majority, and where the majority is two thirds of its members to withdraw care from the office of the Management Board which is against the proposal, which the same shall replace the supervisory board (Article . 2409decies , paragraph 2, cc ).

Such action may be exercised by the supervisory board within five years the termination of the administrator from office (Article . 2409decies, comma 3 °, cc).

Notes:

(1) McLuhan, Powers, The Global Village , cit.

(2) F. Galgano, Lex mercatoria , Il Mulino, Bologna, 2010, pg 273 ff.

(3) F. Galgano, Commercial Law, Companies , Zanichelli, 2009, pg. 149 ff.

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