Sunday, February 27, 2011

Corsets For Older Women

COMMUNICATION

Si informano tutti i Sig.ri Volontari, di consultare quotidianamente il presente BLOG per tenersi aggiornati su eventuali comunicazioni. THE PRESIDENT
(Daniel Cremona)

Saturday, February 26, 2011

Sample Beautician Cover Letter





Summary: 1.Premessa. - 2.Clausola penalty. - 3.Penale for the delay.


Legislation: Articles . 1321, 1322, 1325, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1418 cc

Law: Cass. Civ., June 26, 1962, No 1646; Cass. Civ., October 28, 1975, No 3606; Cass. Civ., March 1, 1977, No 845; Cass. Civ., July 13, 1984, No 4120; Cass. Civ., February 28, 1986, No 1300; Cass. Civ., July 10, 1996, No 6298

Bibliography: Trimarchi, Private Law, Giuffrè, Milano, 2007; IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010; SACCO, DE NOVA, the contract. According Volume , UTET, Torino, 2004


1.Premessa.

Our legal system provides, on the part of subsidiaries, the ability to adjust their own actions, through demonstrations of will, designed to produce effects recognized and guaranteed by law.
Lo strumento atto a consentire tali risultati è il contratto, ossia l’accordo di due o più parti per costituire, regolare o estinguere tra loro un rapporto giuridico patrimoniale ( art. 1321 c.c. ).
Il legislatore stabilisce, altresi’, che i consociati possano elaborare negozi giuridici atipici, ovvero non espressamente previsti dalle disposizioni normative ( art. 1322, comma 2, c.c. ). Il limite, invalicabile, previsto dall’ordinamento italiano, è che il contratto abbia ad oggetto interessi meritevoli di tutela ( art. 1322, comma 2, c.c. ) e che contenga i requisiti dell’accordo tra le parti, della causa, dell’oggetto e della forma ( art. 1325 c.c. ).
Il negozio giuridico non può essere contrario a norme imperative, a pena di nullità ( art. 1418 c.c. ). Producono nullità del contratto la mancanza di uno dei requisiti indicati dall’articolo l’illiceità della causa l’illiceità dei motivi nel caso indicato dall’articolo e la mancanza nell’oggetto dei requisiti stabiliti dall’articolo ( art. 1418, comma 2, c.c. ).


2.Clausola penale.

La clausola penale è l’istituto giuridico mediante il quale, in caso di inadempimento o di ritardo nell’adempimento, uno dei contraenti è tenuto a una determinata prestazione ( art. 1382 c.c. ). Essa è dovuta indipendentemente dalla prova del danno ( art. 1382, comma 2, c.c. ).
Molto spesso nei rapporti tra privati risulta problematica la valutazione del pregiudizio effettivamente arrecato, pertanto le parti possono decidere di introdurre, preventivamente, una clausola penale, volta a stabilire, ex ante , la somma di denaro che dovrà essere erogata qualora una delle parti sia inadempiente.
Di conseguenza, il soggetto, che non avrà ottemperato agli obblighi contrattuali, dovrà liquidare, to the other party, the payment amount in the criminal and the creditor will not have to prove in a court of law, to have suffered actual injury.
The parties may also stipulate that the penalty represents the minimum compensation that will liquidate the debtor to the creditor, however, when the latter proves to have suffered a major loss may invoke a sum greater than that required by the penalty clause (Article . 1382 cc).
The advantage of putting that stipulation is:

a) is the simplification it brings evidence during the trial, since it will be due regardless of proof of injury;
b) is on the liquidation of damages in cases in which it was non-pecuniary harm caused.

The creditor can not ask all the main performance and the penalty, if this is not stipulated for mere delay (art. 1383 cc).
Obviously, the higher will be the extent of this clause, the more it will have a role to encourage the debtor to meet the provision.
The penalty can be decreased equally by the court, if the principal obligation has been executed in part, or the amount of the penalty is manifestly excessive, having regard to the interest that the creditor always had performance (art. 1384 cc).


3.Penale for the delay.

Very often in business practices, a penalty clause is introduced which is appropriate di ritardo. In tale circostanza il creditore potrà sia ottenere la liquidazione della somma prevista nel patto predetto, sia agire per l’adempimento del contratto ( art. 1383 c.c. ).
Il creditore potrà anche proporre una domanda di risoluzione ( oltre ad invocare la somma prevista nella penale ), qualora il ritardo ecceda la normale tollerabilità(1).
E’ pacifico che nell’ipotesi in cui il debitore, oltre ad essere in ritardo, risulti anche inadempiente, il creditore sarà legittimato ad avviare un’azione di risarcimento danni per la situazione di pregiudizio a lui arrecata (2) .
From the above argument follows that the creditor when the debtor is in arrears and in default with respect to the provision of the agreement, may take legal action with a dual application for an order to pay damages resulting from prosecution for the delay and for both the failure, provided of course if (3) , and the injury further and distinct from that identified in the same criminal (4) .

Notes:

(1) Cass. Civ., June 26 1962, n. 1646; Cass. civ., 28 ottobre 1975, n. 3606

(2) Cass. civ., 1 marzo 1977, n. 845

(3) Cass. civ., 13 luglio 1984, n. 4120

(4) Cass. civ., 28 febbraio 1986, n. 1300; Cass. civ., 10 luglio 1996, n. 6298


Tuesday, February 15, 2011

Good Music For Basketball Warm Ups

penalty clause for the management of the affairs of another



Legislation: Articles. 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, cc

Bibliography: Trimarchi, Private Law, Giuffrè, Milano, 2007; IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Simone Legal Issues , 2010

Law: Cass. Civ. No 3843/56, Cass. Civ. No 3843/56


Who, without obligation, knowingly assumes the management of a business of others, is bound to continue and to bring it to fruition until the person is in a position to do by himself (art. 2028 cc).
The legislature has placed the negotiorum manage in Title VI of Book IV of the Civil Code. In the first paragraph of the provision in question is highlighted, first, that the operator or the person who puts in place the management of others of the deal, has no statutory obligation to intervene and such behavior is realized in spontaneous and conscious. In fact, in such circumstances there is no contractual relationship. Part of the doctrine considers that this provision is placed in garrison on the one hand, the altruistic conduct of subsidiaries, and other to avoid the company of interfering with private choices of citizens (1).
The negotiorum gesture can also be put in place against the government, however, that in fact there must be recognition of ' utilitas by the same PA (2).
The legislature crystallizing the formula "until that person is able to do so by himself," wanted to understand the domain absentia, which is a temporary impediment material and (3). The aforementioned fact regards the impossibility of putting the dominus be directly in such conduct, as not physically present on site, or when there is legal impossibility (4). The cases are many, think of an injured person is unconscious do admit that a person in a motel, or a motorist whose car was stolen from under their eyes and throw another driver looking to stop the thief of the medium (5). Should the dominus is a legal impossibility should come by the department which should be put in such conduct (6).
The object of negotiorum manage may relate to legal acts, sia atti materiali(7), ad esempio il ripristino di un bene potrà essere realizzato sia dallo stesso gestore, sia da un soggetto preposto professionalmente a tale compito che abbia stipulato un negozio giuridico con il gestore. In generale gli atti giuridici concernono la conservazione e l’amministrazione dei beni anche se, in alcuni casi, possono riguardare anche atti di disposizione(8).
L’obbligo di continuare la gestione sussiste anche se l’interessato muore prima che l’affare sia terminato, finché l’erede possa provvedere direttamente ( art. 2028, comma 2, c.c. ).
Il gestore deve avere la capacità di contrattare ( art. 2029 c.c. ). Consequently, the legal documents in place, by the operator, not provided with legal capacity, shall be considered invalid against the dominus .
The manager is subject to the same obligations that would result from a mandate (art. 2030 cc). If the dominus suffer prejudice, for acts done by the operator incapable, can claim protection under Article damages. 2043 cc, where the situation is illegal, according to some writers, was not made with negligence (9). Conversely, the Court held that the operator, unable or not, should answer, of tort law even when the conduct has come into being following a mild negligence (10).
However, the judge, in light of the circumstances which led the operator to take over the management, may moderate the damages to which they would be required as a result of the fault (art. 2030, paragraph 2, DC).
If the operation is useful to begin, the applicant must fulfill the obligations that the operator has taken in his name, shall indemnify the operator of those recruited from the same in its own name and reimburse all the expenses necessary or useful with interest from the day when the same charges were made (art. 2031 cc). The bond, paid out of the dominus, aims to compensate the economic outlay incurred by the operator, it is a value debt (11). This provision does not apply to acts carried out against the ban on the management of the person concerned, except that this prohibition is against the law, public order or morality (Article 2031, paragraph 2, DC).
Ratification of the person producing, management is concerned, the effects were caused by a warrant, even if management was carried out by people who believe a deal to manage own (art. 2032 cc). The ratification must be brought to the attention of both the third (which came into contact with the operator) is the operator, and shall apply retroactively. Where non vi sia la ratifica da parte del dominus, il negozio giuridico si considera non concluso(12).



Note:

(1)    TRIMARCHI, Istituzioni di diritto privato , Giuffrè, Milano, 2007, pg. 331

(2)    IZZO, Codice civile e leggi complementari, Legal Issues Simone, 2010

(3) IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010

(4) IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010

(5) Cass. Civ. No 3843/56

(6) IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010

(7) Cass. Civ. No 3843/56

(8) Cass. Civ. No 607/54, in Foro en. 1952, I, 325

(9) Trimarchi, Private Law , Giuffrè, Milano, 2007, pg. 332

(10) IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010


(11 ) IZZO, Civil Code and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010

(12) IZZO, Code Civil and complementary laws, Legal Issues Simon, 2010

Saturday, February 12, 2011

Bronchial Pneumonia Antibiotics

Mass torts in the common law model



Summary: 1.Nozione of mass torts . - 2.Classificazione of mass torts. - 3.Delimitazione institution.


Bibliography: CALABRESI, Bobbit, tragic choice, Giuffrè, Milano, 2006; CALABRESI, The gift of the evil spirit , Giuffrè, Milano, 1996; FREZZA, Paris, Responsibility civil and economic analysis , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006; Trimarchi, Risk and responsibility objective, Giuffrè, Milan


1.Nozione of mass torts.

catastrophic events, which cause harm to a variety of subjects, are defined in the literature of civil common law, as mass torts.
The institute was established in the Anglo-Saxon legal systems (and in this case the U.S.) since the 70s of last century, and the dogmatic point of view comporta notevoli problemi interpretativi. Taluni autori, infatti, si sono chiesti se i mass torts potessero essere inquadrati, dal punto di vista giuridico, come species nel genus della responsabilità aquiliana, ovvero se rappresentano una categoria autonoma (1) .
Tralasciando le dispute dogmatiche tra cattedratici, è bene evidenziare che negli anni novanta, in U.S.A., il contenzioso concernente i mass torts , nelle cause di responsabilità del produttore, ha toccato la quota del 75%.
Il dato dimostra la rilevanza del problema in parola, e la forte tendenza dei cittadini americani ad intraprendere azioni legali, fa immaginare that this percentage will increase in coming years.


2.Classificazione of mass torts.

To better understand the scope of the phenomenon on mass disasters is useful to make a classification of development that they have had in American society. Some commentators have found that they differ essentially in three phases:

a) mass accident cases: in these circumstances, the harm is realized by a plurality of damaging, easily identified, and affects a multitude of subjects easily traceable;
b) pharmaceutical products and medical devices: these assumptions relate to prejudice made by the administration of pharmaceuticals;
c) ; mass toxic torts: the situation that concerns the case where the emission of toxic chemicals or causes injury to several persons (2).

This classification gives an idea about the actual harm that may cause this type of accidents to society. Not infrequently, the mass media denounce the population, the inherent danger of certain activities, for both citizens and the environment, think of the chemical industries, or firms that provide electricity or to nuclear power plants (3) . Despite this, the legislature is forced to accept this dangerous activity, because they allow the whole of society has got many benefits.
The question of the adoption of certain choices, of promoting a dangerous activity is evaluated by our legislators, on the basis of balance economic interests between the revenue that will be achieved through the use of that particular activity, and damage caused by the same population (4) . In other words, as argued by the best legal economists doctrine, the choice of legislators is tragic, they must consider who should live and who shall die, and that impasse is impossible to escape, as each solution is not neutral and involves in However injury to the entire community (5).


3.Delimitazione institution.

As stated nelle argomentazioni predette, i mass torts sono eventi catastrofici che cagionano nocumento ad una pluralità di persone. L’istituto presenta una connotazione giuridica ibrida rispetto al modello tradizionale dei torts .
Dal punto di vista processualcivilistico, è possibile che vi siano una pluralità di attori ( tutte le vittime del disastro ) che, mediante lo strumento della class action, esercitino la propria azione, congiuntamente, in giudizio (6).
Per quanto concerne il nesso eziologico, esso potrà anche non essere accertato immediatamente, giacché nelle ipotesi di rischio incrementale ( o stocastico)  il pregiudizio si realizzerà later.
are also major problems raised by the assessment of the damage, not to mention that excessive compensation may also lead to the insolvency of the qualified persons. By virtue of these elements carefully explained that the doctrine mass torts are a separate category, distinct from the traditional torts , it is characterized by:

a) multitude of victims of the accident,
b) possibilities that arise after the accident the unlawful act;
c) difficulty of quantifying the damage;
d) problem of identification of beneficiaries of the injury was caused ;
s) plurality of multiple causes indistinguishable (7).

The civil action for damages may be enforced in a court in the U.S. system, by means of class action, which is le sue radici in fattori economici, politici e sociali.

Note:

(1) FREZZA, PARISI, Responsabilità civile e analisi economica , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006, pg. 285

(2) FREZZA, PARISI, Responsabilità civile e analisi economica , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006, pg. 288

(3) TRIMARCHI, Rischio e responsabilità oggettiva , Giuffrè, Milano, 1961

(4) CALABRESI, BOBBIT, Scelte tragiche , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006; CALABRESI, The gift of the evil spirit , Giuffrè, Milano, 1996

(5) CALABRESI, Bobbit, tragic choice, Giuffrè, Milano, 2006; CALABRESI, The gift of the evil spirit , Giuffrè, Milano, 1996

(6) FREZZA, Paris, Liability and Economic Analysis , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006, pg. 289

(7) FREZZA, Paris, Liability and Economic Analysis , Giuffrè, Milano, 2006, pg. 290

Saturday, February 5, 2011

Can We Drink Tea While Fasting?

News in the Council of Governors and the Board of Auditors.


elections were held yesterday for the reinstatement of members missing in the Council of Directors and the Board of Auditors. From the votes taken on board and then by secret ballot, after operations have occurred sfoglio segenti the results: by the Board of Directors is elected by 6 votes, Filippo Nisi.
To the Board of Auditors are elected Messrs. Iudica Concetta (6 votes) and Adriana Santagati (5 votes).
In the coming days, will be called a special meeting with the following agenda:
1) Confidence in President
2) Establishment of Messrs. Philip Nisi, Iudica Concetta, Santagati Adriana
3) Program activities from February to March
4) Any other

Thursday, February 3, 2011

American Test Kitchen

Brief notes on the legitimacy of the sovereign legal systems ancient and medieval



The man from the moment he decided to live in a society with others like he had to deal with the identification of rules that to ensure peaceful coexistence.
From ancient times until today have been many types of rules that cultures all over the world have developed in order to achieve this goal. For many centuries, they were religious in nature, think about Abraham, the founder of the Jewish population, which bases its legitimacy on the social pact signed by him, in behalf of the tribe Jewish, with God the same way the Roman emperors received their right to rule by virtue of a divine investiture. In the period following the barbarians who conquered Europe in the Roman Catholic Church found a valuable ally for "teach" the people . And even the Arabs in the Middle East led by the Prophet Muhammad in the Islamic religion found a common denominator that allows' them to become the first in a few decades the military and political power in the Mediterranean.
Each of these cultures, thanks to power given by faith in the supernatural, has been able to organize a pseudo-centralized. The population complied with laws, not di rado dispotiche e barbare, emanate dal monarca.
Viceversa la società dei Gentili era acefala, infatti in tale contesto erano presenti varie tribù o clan, ognuno dei quali rappresentato da taluni capi, i quali al di sopra della loro autorità non riconoscevano alcun potere. Tuttavia, poteva accadere che costoro si unissero con altre tribù al fine di condurre una guerra in comune per procacciarsi sia ricchezze, sia nuovi territori.
Sotto un profilo giuridico è possibile domandarsi in quale modo tali società regolassero i loro rapporti privati come ad esempio i contratti, la responsabilità civile o le successioni. Ogni peculiare cultura adottava differenti soluzioni, ad example, in medieval Christian Catholic area, was in force, a clear distinction between canon law and civil law, one and the other sphere demarcated from the temporal and spiritual power. The civil law was based on ius commune, (thanks to Inernio who had revised the Code of Justinian, bringing to it of the glosses, or comments of the same regulatory body). Within the purely penal, there was a mingling of crime and sin, it was torn down only thanks to the enlightened thinking that process guarantees that still exist in the system, procedural and substantive, which adhere to the principle of legality, fault principle, contrary to the death penalty, and the inhuman torture, et cetera ...
of fundamental importance for the subsequent development of both legal positivism, both of natural law, was the thought of Hobbes. The English philosopher saw that the men were in a state of permanent war against each other and that that is not possible to ensure social peace. The only remedy was the union of all persons in a state, represented by a monarch who, like the Leviathan (mythological monster of biblical origin) could be used to achieve social peace. Moreover, the sovereign, in the opinion of Hobbes, was to be accentrare in se i tre poteri: esecutivo, giudiziario e legislativo ed esercitarli monocraticamente in maniera assoluta (1). Anche per l’autore la legittimazione derivava direttamente dal soprannaturale, giacché il sovrano sarebbe stato investito del suo potere direttamente da Dio e di conseguenza il cittadino avrebbe dovuto ottemperare alle leggi da lui emanate (2).


NOTE:  

(1)    HOBBES, Leviatano , Laterza, Bari, 2010

(2) Hobbes, Leviathan , Laterza, Bari, 2010

Wednesday, February 2, 2011

Blogs Of Kates Playground

separation and charge





For centuries, human society is based the insolubility of marriage. The institute in question is served not only to satisfy the desires of procreation and creation emotional feelings of people but also to strengthen political and military alliances.
The fundamental role in this context was exercised by religion, it is thanks to its legitimacy, derived from a powerful caste of priests, invested their power directly from the supreme deity, he could easily control the behavior of the population (1).
This fabulous mechanism is in crisis in the post-Second World War, in which a number of factors, including the industrial revolution, the more wages obtained by women and their own emancipation, led the law on December 1 1970, no 898 entitled " Discipline of the cases of dissolution of marriage ", or the institution of divorce.
In this historical moment, our legal system recognizes the rights of the family as a natural society founded on marriage (Article 29 of the Constitution). Despite this increasingly this institution appears to be degraded in the face of growing demand for separation and divorce, as the ISTAT surveys show that between 1996 and 2006, the latter grew by 51.4%.
The data is significant from a sociological profile, demonstrating that the volitional element, expressed by most of the Italian population, is to opt for a departure from previous status of spouse and agree on a new-found freedom " of do's and don'ts ".
Given this context, of course, also increase the requests for judicial separation. It with the reform of family law of 1975 has been copiously amended. Earlier this institution could be invoked before the courts only when there had been culpable conduct attributable to the other spouse.
reform in the legislature has eliminated the subjective element is identified in the wrongful conduct of the spouse, whether the assumptions that were previously designated as required under penalty of improponibilità of pronunciation. The current provision provides that the separation can be claimed when they occur, even beyond the control of either or both spouses, the facts which render intolerable the continued cohabitation or be seriously prejudicial to the education of children (Article . 151 cc). These behaviors can be identified when the conduct of a spouse causes serious damage to the ' physical or moral or the freedom of the other spouse or partner (Article 342 - bis cc).
The legislature has also ', held that the judge pronouncing the separation, states that met the circumstances and it is requested, which is responsible for the separation of the spouses in consideration of his conduct contrary to obligations arising from the marriage (art. 155, comma 2, cc).
Part of the doctrine considers that this legislation is a manifestation of the previous penalty, although there are significant differences (1). First, you can not achieve separation to be charged when a spouse is not merely to fulfill marital duties, but rather 'it is necessary to verify the causative link between the negligent conduct el'intollerabilità coexistence, because only where there is this latter circumstance may be invoked (and obtaining ) separation and charge (2).
The law states that in cases of adultery, there may be separation and charge only in case of infidelity, has been repeated over time, and have caused serious harm to the couple or their offspring, or even in the case of courtship in place by one spouse against a third have not found concrete expression (3) . The charge separation can be invoked, in addition, where one spouse has adopted an attitude of cold, detached and devoid of attention to the other spouse, or in cases where for example the husband does not allow his wife to keep their relationships affective with his family of origin (4) . Of course there is the fact that even when for example the husband has offended the dignity or physical integrity of his wife, think of cases of abuse in the family (art. 572 Criminal Code) or to cases of abuse (art. 594 cp).
contrast to the case law (and the doctrine of majority) did not consider that you could configure the charge separation in cases where one spouse had changed his religion, since that right is guarded by the constitution (Article 19 of the Constitution) . In a similar vein, the courts have been rejecting the demand charge, in cases of abandonment of the conjugal roof dictated by undue interference from the mother-in-law put in place (5) .

NOTE:

(1) SACCO, Anthropology legal Bologna, Il Mulino, 2007; Rouland, Legal Anthropology , Giuffrè, Milano, 1992

(2) ; SIXTH, Handbook of family law , Cedam, Padova, 2009, pg. 135

(3) SIXTH, Handbook of family law , Cedam, Padova, 2009, pg. 136

(4) SIXTH, Handbook of family law , Cedam, Padova, 2009, pg. 136

(5) SIXTH, Handbook of family law , Cedam, Padova, 2009, pg . 137